The Extent to Which FDI Inflows have Influenced GDPGrowth in India

Theoretical Previous examinations on the effect of FDI on GDP presumed that there was no since a long time ago run connection between the two. The Granger Casual investigation gave this induction. Sirari Bohra (2011) give an applied structure to clarify the connection among GDP and FDI inflows.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Extent to Which FDI Inflows have Influenced GDPGrowth in India explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technology and information moves give the key signs to the relationship. The example on yearly FDI inflow as a level of GDP shows an exponential development after some time. Throughout the years, India’s FDI inflows have outperformed outpourings. There were more wellsprings of FDI inflow from the western half of the globe; notwithstanding, Mauritius was the most noteworthy benefactor. The administrations area got more FDI inflows. Acquaintance According with Chaturvedi (2011, p. 528), outside direct venture (FDI) is a type of long haul worldwide capital exchange implied for profitable action combined with the motivation behind administrative control and the association in the administration of the remote organization. Sirari Bohra (2011) allude FDI as an apparatus planned for financial development by reinforcing the neighborhood capital, profitability and business. Additionally, it has a significant job in the nearby innovation progression, ideal usage of neighborhood labor, exchange balance, upgrading human aptitude just as improving of the administrative limits. Also, FDI improves the neighborhood rivalry norms, widens decisions for the abroad market just as makes greater work openings. Chaturvedi (2011, p. 532) clarifies that FDI has enormously affected the accomplishment of financial improvement in creating countries.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, creating nat ions have profited enormously from FDI inflows as a wellspring of remote financing. Inflows allude to inbound capital by outside financial specialists. Accessibility of exceptionally gifted labor encourages the positive effect of FDI inflows on the financial development (GDP) (Agrawal Khan 2011, p. 74). Hansen Rand (2005) researched the presence of the Granger Casual nexus among FDI and GDP among chose creating nations. The investigation information was aggregated for more than 30 years. The discoveries indicated that there existed a two-way causal connection between the proportion and the degrees of GDP and FDI inflows. It was built up that the FDI to GDP proportion was not influenced over the long haul by the GDP. This disclosure framed the bases for presuming that FDI affected GDP. FDI enlarges the pace of interest in a host nation bringing about a transitional ascent in per capita salary development. Proof on the FDI sway on GDP identifies with innovation and information moves ( Jayachandran Seilan 2010, p. 74). This is caught in the New Growth Theory of the 1980s. In view of the calculation from twenty years information, deductions demonstrated that the FDI inflows into India have an immaterial commitment to the genuine GDP. Information was gathered during the training of the open entryway strategy. Figure 1: Conceptual Model for Relationship between FDI Inflows and GDP Growth Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Extent to Which FDI Inflows have Influenced GDPGrowth in India explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Adopted from Sirari Bohra (2011, p. 13) Literature Review Prior to 1991, India’s state organization applied solid authority over modern speculation by directing and cultivating inside driven financial advancement. The methodology utilized supported residential venture to the detriment of outside speculators and imports (Beena et al. n.d.). The nation experienced troubling turn of events and development . Imports were limited through controls just as high obligations. In this manner, the Indian technique on FDI was tied in with switching inflow convergence. The fundamental contention was to pad openings inside the neighborhood work advertise from the outside exiles; be that as it may, financial wasteful aspects were presented at the appointed time. Intrigued outside speculators were confronted with bureaucratic systems before gaining endorsements to build up organizations. These were purposely presented through the Industries Development and Regulation Act (1951). Outside venture enterprises wound up utilizing normal advancements underway procedures influencing their proficiency. This decreased outside capital and innovation causing challenges in accomplishing worldwide effectiveness and creation guidelines (Beena et al. n.d.). Because of overwhelming government invasion on the money related and banking area; there was a great deal of control of costs and credit distribution. Littl e industry players profited a ton from advances and borrowings. A few areas were held for government speculation; in this way, influencing serious offering. The administration focussed on amassing reserve funds to quick track nearby venture as clarified in the Harrod-Domar development worldview (Beena et al. n.d.).Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More These confirmed methodologies prompted money related tyranny realized by unjustified cost changing just as credit favors. Harrod-Domar model explored connection among common and justified patterns of development. Financial issues were placed into point of view through short run apparatuses monetary devices. In any case, the Harrod-Domar model confronted solid analysis from the neo-old style financial aspects. Endogenous development model framed the third worldview clarifying FDI inflows relationship with GDP execution (Sahoo Mathiyazhagan 2002, p. 8). Post 1991, the modern and monetary arrangements were returned to concerning the key way to deal with FDI. A liberal methodology was received to invigorate speculation just as quicken financial development. Bureaucratic boundaries were abrogated for most divisions with the exception of 18 industry types. Diminished obstructions of passage offered space to the empowerment of the private division. During the new agreement, programmed endor sements were granted to FDI by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). FDI profited by the freed off of overabundance innovation limitations and eminence charges for innovation move. A portion of the Pro-FDI changes presented in the India’s open segment ventures concentrated on improving self-sufficiency, lower restraining infrastructure inside the open area just as cultivate privatization. Figure 2: A Framework on the Distribution of FDI Inflows in Manufacturing and Non-Manufacturing Sectors in India Reported in 2011 Adopted from Rao Dhar (2011, p. 55) There are hotspot regions inside India saw to have a generally high fascination for FDI speculation. A portion of the hotspots have just changed over the potential into circumstances. Figure 3: Relative Attractiveness of Indian States to FDI Adopted from Nunnenkamp Stracke (2008, p. 63) Figure 4: Pattern of FDI Concentration Adopted from Nunnenkamp Stracke (2008, p. 64) Analysis Nunnenkamp Stracke (2008, p. 55) see that after the adv ancement of India’s economy, FDI rose to over US$50 billion out of 2006, from under US$2 billion out of 1991. This suggested developing desires towards FDI inflows. By and by, the convergence of FDI inflow has not been adjusted over the state. Internationally, India was appraised as the second most alluring goal for FDI inside the period somewhere in the range of 2008 and 2010. Figure 5: Yearly (between 1990 2008) FDI Flows to India Adopted from Virmani (2009, p. 19) It is apparent that the FDI inflows into India outperform the exhibition of the surges. This implies greater venture capital is discovering its way into India than the one went to a remote goal, especially as from 2006. Figure 6: Annual Growth Rate (in %) Trend for India’s FDI Inflows (somewhere in the range of 1991 and 2010) Data received from Ray (2012, p. 189) The FDI inflow execution in 1998-99, 1999-00, 2002-03 and 2002-03 show negative development rates. Be that as it may, it is fascinating that now and again the FDI inflow went up by in excess of 100 percent. This suggests FDI inflows experience blasts and troughs. Generally, the FDI inflow pace of development was sure over the years. Figure 7: Tracking FDI Inflows inside the GDP Context Data received from Kareem (n.d.) The GDP execution has over the time permitted a positive reaction to the FDI inflow in India. The exponential development suggests that there is a negligible negative connection among GDP and FDI inflows. Sahoo Mathiyazhagan (2002, p. 2) clarify that the example watched couples FDI inflows with send out. Table 1: Cross-Sector Analysis of FDI Inflows (somewhere in the range of 2007 and 2011) Country 2007-08 (April-March) 2008-09 (April-March) 2009-10 (April-March) 2010-11 (for April ‘10) Cumulative Inflows (April ’00 - April ‘10) Mauritius 44483 50794 49633 2528 213434 Singapore 12319 15727 11295 1933 47080 USA 4377 8002 9230 404 37593 UK 4690 3840 3094 265 26263 Netherlands 2780 3922 4283 312 20438 Japan 3336 1889 5670 1455 18350 Cyprus 3385 5983 7728 123 17900 Germany 2075 2750 2980 102 12571 France 583 2098 1437 184 7102 United Arab Emirates 1039 1133 3017 31 7054 Total FDI Inflows 98664 123025 123378 9854 526357 Adopted from Chaturvedi (2011, p. 530) Figure 8: Total FDI Inflows in Various Sectors in the Indian Economy (somewhere in the range of 2007 and 2011) Data received from Chaturvedi (2011, p. 530) The decent variety of areas drawing in critical FDI inflows infers that financial specialist certainty is high over the part range. The administrations area is exceptionally alluring (representing a fifth of the FDI inflows). Among the noteworthy parts, metallurgical ventures, oil flammable gas just as synthetic substances are the least appealing as far as FDI inflows. The development of fare wares in India has not profited f

Communication Today

Numerous individuals have begun taking alternate ways in our cutting edge world. The human populace is doing all that they can to speed through life. One such easy route is the manner in which society conveys. Despite the fact that out the most recent quite a few years the innovation that has associated varying backgrounds has drastically transformed, it went from verbal exchange to the composed word, to phones and past. Presently messaging and divider postings are types of speaking with loved ones everywhere throughout the world. Many accept that these sorts of systems are wrecking our interchanges as a general public. In any case, these systems permit individuals to remain in steady association with numerous individuals without a moment's delay, they are helpful, and safe to utilize. Long range informal communication destinations like Facebook, Myspace and numerous others interface individuals to every one of their companions and more distant family individuals at the same time in various manners. One such path is by statuses update which is when individuals state what is on their brains or what they may be doing that day. Another is posting pictures of pretty much anything with the goal that relatives who in any case wouldn’t see them until a party if at all could see them. Individuals who are not, at this point close to their friends and family advantage the most from these notices. This continually refreshed type of correspondence is nearly comparable to being with the adored one. With individuals everywhere throughout the world utilizing organizing destinations they have gotten increasingly reasonable, from being accessible at neighborhood open libraries to the comfort of being primed and ready on an individual wireless or other hand held gadgets for nothing out of pocket. The comfort this has added permits individuals to refresh their sculptures whenever, yet in addition post pictures of what is happening in their every day lives on the detect regardless of where they are from their remote gadgets. This empowers all the loved ones associated with that people page to comprehend what is happening in somebody's life who they may not get an opportunity to converse with on a day by day bases. Facebook just as numerous different locales are exceptionally sheltered to utilize (if the correct measures are taken) that everybody has begun making pages, from kids in center school as far as possible up to those children grandparents. Such locales permits the client to set it up their page at any rate they need. They give numerous decisions on who is permitted to see that specific page. The choices comprise of obstructing the page from each and every individual who isn't on the user’s companions list and not having the option to be found in an inquiry, to having a totally open page where anybody can see such the sight as to offer. †¨Most of these sights likewise have limitations to where might be clients are obstructed from utilizing the locales by any stretch of the imagination, or with other such safety measures Ordinary individuals are turning out to be anxious about the possibility that that our correspondence among loved ones are separating somewhat more consistently. This is essentially false; in truth it is the inverse in view of how quickly innovation is transforming it permitting us to impart at some random second with every one of our loved ones. With sculptures updates and divider postings readily available we are more associated at some random second now than any time in recent memory. Locales like Myspace, Facebook, and numerous other are the fundamental way that individuals in today’s society impart do to the face that as a gathering we are speeding through life at twist speed.

3 Incredible Texan Writers

3 Incredible Texan Writers In February, I had the honor of attending my first artist residency. Along with two phenomenal artists, I occupied a large house in the small town of Corsicana, Texas, which incidentally was the first place that oil was discovered in Texas, and which has statues of  workers  placed at street intersections. The house itself was an old Odd Fellows lodge, making it all the more fascinating. Best of all, though, I got to read a lot  while I was there. It was my first time in Texas and I confess I loved it. To honor the state I spent a glorious two weeks in, I wanted to feature some excellent books by writers who call Texas their home. David Searcy lives in Dallas but also has a studio and writing space in Corsicana, right across the street from where I was staying, which made for a happy accident. His most recent book,  Shame and Wonder, is a gorgeous collection of essays, about everything from cereal box prizes to his close friend who died in a  barely-existing town named Uncertain in Texas. The essays are united by their style and the fierce intelligence behind them, coupled with Searcys humility. A gorgeous essay collection and tinged with Texas throughout. Don Tate may have been born in Iowa, but hes a Texas writer now, living in Austin with his wife and kid.  He started out as an illustrator for books like  Rons Big Mission  and  She Loved Baseball: The Effa Manley Story,  but recently has begun writing his own books, the first one being  It Jes’ Happened: When Bill Traylor Started to Draw.  Hes also one of the founders of The Brown Bookshelf, a blog that aims to showcase the African American authors writing childrens books today. Though she lives all over the place later in life, Katherine Anne Porter spent many, many years in her birthplace, Texas. Best known for her short stories, Porter also wrote the novel  Ship of Fools. Most of her stories took place in the American South, so  its fair to say that growing up in Texas had an effect on her creative work. Porter also wrote nonfiction at least one essay collection and her letters were published posthumously as well. Know any Texas writers youd like people to know about? Share them with us!

The Fbi A Intelligent Law Enforcement Agency - 1222 Words

The FBI The FBI is a very intelligent law enforcement agency. The FBI does many things and gives jobs to many people in the United States. Also they protect us from many things like terrorism attacks that happen in the United States. Another fact about the FBI is they work with local law enforcement. There is plenty of information on the FBI that answers the following five questions: What do you have to do to become an FBI agent? ; What positions are available in the FBI besides an agent? ; What is the daily routine of an FBI agent? ; How the FBI got its name? ; What type of cases do they work?. There are many requirements people have to pass before they can become an agent in the FBI. First one is candidates must be at least 23 years†¦show more content†¦The very last thing that people need to do is get a conditional letter of appointment, then pass a FBI background check, physical fitness test, and medical examination (Fbiagentedu.org). There are many jobs in the FBI besides an agent. For example there is Intelligence, â€Å"the Office of Intelligence is part of the National Security Branch and overseen by the Directorate of Intelligence, who works alongside all sectors of the Bureau to ensure that intelligence is embedded in all investigative programs and FBI Field Offices† (Fbiagentedu.org). The Counterintelligence Division of the FBI was introduced to protect the United States from foreign intelligence operations (fbiagentedu.org). The Cyber Division coordinates cybercrime and works to gather and share information and intelligence with public and private sector partners around the world (fbiagentedu.org). Investigative Specialists manage, and direct investigative programs that are focused on violent crime, organized crime, financial crime, violations of civil rights, public corruption, and drug-related crime (fbiagentedu.org). The CIRG’s Tactical Operations consist of both a national-level tactical team and a number of regional SWAT teams all of who are deployed to protect American citizens (fbiagentedu.org). According to the FBI â€Å"The special teams and highly trained FBI Special

Computers that can think Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Concept 1 One of the most exciting concepts that is presented by Howard in his presentation pertains to a demonstration of one of the implications of the advent of computer learning. In the demonstration, Howard (2014), a team in Boston had recently announced that they had managed to identify a number of new clinically relevant tumor features that will serve to greatly aid doctors in the making of future cancer prognoses. In a similar development, Howard also points out that a group in Stanford had recently announced that by looking at tissues under magnification, they had managed design a machine learning based system that was much better at the prediction of cancer survival rates as compared to human pathologists. The development of these two systems involved the input of both machine learning experts and medical experts. However, in what is a very fascinating development, it is now possible for programmers to design medical systems without the input of human pathologists and by people who. Using a PowerPoint presentation, Howard explains how a system had been designed that could be able to identify cancerous areas of the human tissue under a microscope with a similar degree if not a higher level of accuracy as human pathologists. We will write a custom essay sample on Computers that can think or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Using the same technology, it was possible for Howard to start a new medical company although he did not have any previous background in medicine. Despite his not being a doctor, Howard was able to receive fantastic feedback from both the media and the medical community and by using the system, it is now possible to take a mere 15 minutes to generate a new medical diagnosis test. Concept 2 Another interesting concept that is presented by Howard (2014) in his presentation is his demonstration of just how it was not possible for computers to listen and understand by using deep learning. In presenting this concept, Howard used a video presentation that showed part of the proceedings of a machine learning conference that had been held in China. In the video, the presenter explains that by taking a large amount of data and information from numerous Chinese speakers, programmers had been able to produce an effective text-to-speech system that is able to take Chinese text and convert this text into Chinese language. In addition to this, the programmers had taken about an hour of the presenter’s voice to be used in the modulation of the text-to-speech system so as to ensure that the projected voice would be identical to that of the presenter.

African Americans and the Cold War. Free Essays

Compare the two articles and comment on how the Cold War impacted upon African Americans during the asses. Historically, the treatment of African Americans was atrocious: unfair and dehumidifying. Throughout the asses, this racial discrimination was noisily protested against and the recognition from governments allowed the African American voice to reach its zenith. We will write a custom essay sample on African Americans and the Cold War. or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Cold War and the intense ideological disputes between the United States and the Soviet Union aided in the strengthened awareness towards his inequality and led to a slight advancement of the societal position for African Americans. However, with the improvement of the African American voice, coinciding with the war at hand, came governmental fear, resulting in public manipulation and covert force. African American’s lived in a consciously limited and divided world, which stifled their individuality and independence. Richard Wright, a Negro who lived through this mistreatment, became the first Negro to highlight the injustice through protest writing. Wright â€Å"was the angriest, most honest and outspoken black writer†l f the time and his books offer insight into the lengths of racial discrimination and inequality he and other Blacks were subjected to. He made it â€Å"clearer than any black American writer had ever done that as a black man he was not allowed and not able to feel that he was a full-blooded’ American†2, but was expected to adhere to the enforced racial hierarchy and â€Å"live his life acting out a demeaning and ludicrous role†3. Life for African American’s consisted of constant degradation, with â€Å"daily insults and petty humiliations†4, and customary segregation – the Blacks of America ere inhibited from employment opportunities, denied good education, forced to sit behind Anglo-Saxons (Whites’) in public transportation, with enforced racially segregated public housing and most hotels and eateries being closed to those of African descent. Ultimately, the possibilities for African Americans were limited and they were generally treated as inferior beings. The Cold War tactically exposed the United States’ practice of gross inequality and discrimination. The conflict between political ideologies (Communism vs. McCarthy/Democracy) during the War established a central foundation for the movement towards racial equality. In an attempt to gain more party members, the Communist Party capitalized on the African American’s protests – â€Å"circulating petitions on police brutality, employment discrimination, and anticipating legislation†¦ Trying to gauge individuals’ openness (to the Communist Party)†5. They vigorously and passionately lashed the United States for their treatment of the Blacks while â€Å"actively promoting a racial Justice agenda†6: pushing for unions to include Negroes, campaigning for the desegregation of sousing, encouraging black writers and artists and providing opportunities for black leadership. With the promise to combat racism, and being â€Å"the only white organization in the country that paid serious attention to the issues of race and civil rights†7, Communism attracted more membership, especially from those of African descent with the proportion of Black members doubling. With the numbers supporting the American government declining and the â€Å"difficulty sustaining the smooth image of racial progress†8, the government made every effort to counter the Soviet’s propaganda. The American politics depraved the Soviets assertions with a public declaration stating that â€Å"despite certain inequalities and conditions which exist, the American way of life provides ample opportunity to correct these conditions through democratic processes†¦ The American Negro, down to the poorest sharecropper, is better off than the vast majority of Stalin’s subjects†9 while the â€Å"US embassies and consulates throughout the world distributed booklets showing the great progress that had been made on race matters†10. As the propaganda hostility dominated newspapers and generic conversation, the United States’ developments awards civil rights were largely and continuously broadcasted, with the â€Å"American’s†¦ Making much mileage out of the Supreme Court’s school-desegregation decision in 1954†³11. Essentially, the Cold War heightened the awareness of racial discrimination and made the unfairness an international issue. The open rebellion against racial prejudice in the United States, meshing with Cold War concerns, evoked fears within the United States’ government. The American government grew suspicious of internal communist subversion and as a result the loyalty of all free men’, and especially the loyalty of African American’s was deemed questionable. With this anxiety, came the intrusion of the loyalty program. This program, introduced by President Harry. S. Truman and adopted by Senator Joseph McCarthy, established a framework for a wide-ranging and powerful government apparatus – the Federal Bureau of Investigations – to perform loyalty checks on every employee. If the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) had ‘reasonable grounds’ to doubt an employee’s allegiance, he or she would be dismissed. The FBI â€Å"could not tolerate independent thinkers either, as there was one thing considered every bit as bad as being a Red (communist), and hat was being a Black who spoke out against American racism†12, thus â€Å"individuals who had been active in progressive causes, particularly in the African American freedom struggle, were targeted and disproportionately affected†13. Richard Wright and Annie Lee Moss are two African American’s who were subjected to the subtle terror of the Loyalty Programs investigations. Both Wright and Moss held supporting attitudes towards the progression of civil rights. In the early ‘ass Wright was under US government surveillance, assumed for his books protesting against racial scarification, and â€Å"one Sunday in April 1953, Wright was questioned by a member from the Senate Judiciary Committee about his subversive books and his association with the Communist Party, asked to inform on others†¦ Receiving a warning that he could be subpoenaed in front of McCarthy committee†14. Wright’s books were, and all rebellious books, were removed from the United States Information Service libraries – a subtle way the government silenced opponents. Annie Lee Moss, whom experienced accusations of disloyalty, was used and still remains â€Å"an enduring symbol of Cold War politics†1 5. Annie Lee Moss was a clerk in the General Accounting Office (GAO), working in close proximity to sensitivity information, and was, â€Å"it seemed, living proof of the possibilities of the American (African) dream†. Moss encountered several accusations of being a member of the communist party, and was suspended from her Job twice, only to be reinstated when the â€Å"GAO Loyalty Board determined there were no ‘reasonable grounds’ to believe that she was disloyal†16. The allegations and innocence of Moss was biblically broadcasted on â€Å"March 1954, when Edward R. Morrow dedicated an episode of his television news how, See It Now, to her appearance before Senator Joseph McCarthy Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations†17. The broadcast â€Å"demonstrated that McCarthy carelessness threatened the rights of American citizens, but that there were others in the American government committed to defending those rights†18. With the increased amount of hope for African American’s, came new forms of discriminatory struggles. The Cold War had a pivotal impact on life for African American’s. Though the Blacks of America were victims of new forms of discrimination, ultimately, the Cold War revealed the contradictions in American democracy: how could the United How to cite African Americans and the Cold War., Papers

Television Violence Essays - Crime, Beavis And Butt-Head

Television Violence Many shows include violence as a key factor to interest public viewers. However, people may think television violence is one of the many causes for everyday violence. Dr. Littner has slightly disagreed with this theory and explained his reasoning. Dr. Littner believes that television does not create the desire for violence but supports the existing desire that cannot be taken away. Personally, I agree with Dr. Littners opinion because his reasoning is rational and logical. If a mature teen were following a television program that included rape, it would be very unlikely for him/her to go out and rape a person. On the contrary, if an emotionally disturbed teenager were following the same program, the chances would be more likely for him/her to rape a person. The maturity of the viewer, the way in which the violence is shown, and the age of the viewer are all factors that affect violence caused by television. If the viewer is very emotionally disturbed then the more likely for the viewer to have difficulty controlling his/her disturbed emotions. It may also be unsafe if the violence is presented unrealistically and is purposely shown to attract an audience. A mature adult may be angered and insulted by inappropriate displays of violence. A normal adolescent may not know how to handle violence and as a result may be attracted to the violence. The television show, Beavis and Butthead, which is an animated show with two boys playing practical jokes for fun, shows the significance of the age of the viewer. The jokes consist of dangerous results if taken literally. For example, a few years ago, the show had the two animated characters light a curtain on fire. About two weeks later, the news announced that a young boy had lit his curtains on fire, which led to an explosion. It was said by the news that the show Beavis and Butthead had caused the young boy to do so. This example explains exactly how the swayed audience of violence can lead to destruction, being that the young boy was too young to understand the consequences

At Project Management Center of Excellence Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Essay Example

At Project Management Center of Excellence Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Essay Example At Project Management Center of Excellence Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Paper At Project Management Center of Excellence Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Paper OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY ANTIPOLO CAMPUS A BUSINESS CASE STUDY ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Submitted to: Dr, Marmelo V. Abante CCS Dept. Head / Project Management Professor Submitted by: Brioso, John Oliver P. Student ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership INTRODUCTION As a world leader in communication technology, ATT connects people from all around the globe. Just as consumers and businesses rely on ATT services to stay connected, ATT relies on internal resources, in particular project and program managers, to remain a best in-class service provider. BACKGROUND ATT Inc. (NYSE: T News) is a premier communications holding company. Its subsidiaries and affiliates, ATT operating companies, are the providers of ATT services in the United States and around the world. Among their offerings are the worlds most advanced IP-based business communications services and the nations leading wireless, high speed Internet access and voice services? In domestic markets, ATT is known for the directory publishing and advertising sales leadership of its Yellow Pages and YELLOWPAGES. COM organizations, and the ATT brand is licensed to innovators in such fields as communications equipment. As part of its three-screen integration strategy, ATT is expanding its TV entertainment offerings. In 2008, ATT again ranked No. 1 on Fortune magazines Worlds Most Admired Telecommunications Company list and No. 1 on Americas Most Admired Telecommunications Company list. In an effort to institute common standards, foster a project management culture and improve individual and organizational competencies, AT established a Project Management Center of Excellence (PMCOE). The PMCOE targeted over 10,000 project managers, program managers and their supervisors, as well as holders of the Project Management Professional (PMP ®) credential within the company, with the mission to be recognized internally as the resource for project management consulting, mentoring, training, processes, tools and techniques. Additional goals of the PMCOE included: Drive AT culture to advocate, support and sustain professional project management Assess and improve AT professional project management competency at all levels: individual, team and organizational Ensure the right processes, services and tools are in place and linked to support professional project management success Ensure pertinent information is communicated to the PM Community in the most effective manner poss ible Secure visible leadership champions to support PMCOE initiatives Facilitate creation of a project management community to promote exchange of information to improve project management practices Encourage, facilitate and support continuing education and development of the PMCOE team. The project was led by 11 PMPs with an expense budget that covered the cost of the team’s professional development and the costs associated with the annual AT Project Management Symposium, a significant PMCOE initiative. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES BUSINESS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The business goals and objectives for this project will focus on implementing mobile technology that: Improves officer, firefighter and citizen safety. Facilitates coordination and information sharing both internal and external to the participating organizations. Enhances the ability and effectiveness of staff to perform their jobs. Facilitates coordinated crime prevention and reduction. Provides high levels of data security. Provides an open, flexible, reliable technology base for the future. Facilitates the electronic capture of data at its source. Is easy to use. Eliminate redundant data entry throughout the organization. PROJECT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Sample project goals and objectives: Ensure that end users have input into the design process. Accomplish project business goals and objectives within defined budget and time parameters. Minimize impact to standard business operations within the affected units. Craft a favorable and secure agreement between the Department and the sele cted vendor. PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLAN To support the AT Project Management Community, the PMCOE established consultants who were designated to support the various business units within the company. This business unit specific support provided the guidance and resources project management community members required even more intensive consulting was provided upon request to ensure that all needs were met. To understand which services were most important to the AT Project Management Community, the PMCOE distributed both company-wide and business unit surveys to identify problem areas (e. g. leadership support, adequate training, etc. ) and determine what needs its audience had which could potentially be met by the center. Initial discussions and survey findings helped to tailor the PMCOE offerings to provide the best payback of investment for both the PM Community and PMCOE efforts. Since effective communication was a vital element to the success of the project, the PMCOE established a formal Communications Management Plan which promoted awareness nd use of PMCOE products and services throughout the company. As companies merged, targeted emails to known project and program managers of each legacy company were used to announce the center’s purpose and mission, offering to support their professional needs. As the PM Community grew, the PMCOE launched a monthly newsletter containin g recent project management accomplishments, success stories, upcoming events and reminders of best practices. It was distributed via corporate email to ensure that information was being disseminated effectively. More recently, the PMCOE is expanding communications through rich content on the corporate intranet using the latest in Web 2. 0 technology. Additionally, to further promote the PMCOE and communicate the mission of the center, an annual AT PM Symposium was established to bring significant recognition to the practice of professional project management at AT. The annual event provides training and empowerment for project managers as well as the opportunity to network and collaborate with peers. Furthermore, leadership involvement in the Symposium has been consistently high, and in 2007, 22 AT officers and vice presidents participated across multiple locations. Communication with these corporate leaders has also been a critical success factor for the PMCOE. AT has found that when executives and middle managers support the mission of the center, their words have a significant influence on the project management community. CURRENT SITUATION AND PROBLEM OPPORTUNITY STATEMENT The largest challenge the PMCOE faced was that during project activities, legacy companies SBC and AT merged, bringing together two distinct project management improvement organizations with slightly different areas of focus. This change forced the PMCOE to reevaluate the project and determine how to appropriately fuse the strengths of the two organizations. The PMCOE was also finding it difficult to determine the best way to support the over 10,000 employees that make up AT project management community. Within the community, there are various business units all of which have different needs and concentrations. Additionally, not only was the PMCOE tasked to support a large number of AT project managers, they had to also understand which services were most important to them. Finally, effective and efficient communication would be a key element for he success of the PMCOE; however with such a sizeable and worldwide PM population, the PMCOE would have to determine how to best share valu able information on a large scale. Without appropriate communication, the PMCOE risked going unrecognized and not being used to its full potential. CRITICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS PROJECT ASSUMPTIONS The following assumptions were made in preparing the Project Plan: AT employees are willing to change business operations to take advantage of the functionality offered by the new mobile technology. Management will ensure that project team members are available as needed to complete project tasks and objectives. The Steering Committee will participate in the timely execution of the Project Plan (i. e. , timely approval cycles and meeting when required). Failure to identify changes to draft deliverables within the time specified in the project timeline will result in project delays. Project team members will adhere to the Communications Plan. Mid and upper management will foster support and â€Å"buy-in† of project goals and objectives. The City will ensure the existence of a technological infrastructure that can support the new mobile technology. All project participants will abide by the guidelines identified within this plan. The Project Plan may change as new information and issues are revealed. PROJECT CONSTRAINT The following represent known project constraints: Project funding sources are limited, with no contingency. Due to the nature of law enforcement, resource availability is inconsistent. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION To combat and avoid challenges during the development of the center, the PMCOE applied a project management methodology that was in complete alignment with A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide). The first priority was to ensure that the merging of the PM practices between legacy companies ran smoothly. As such, the PMCOE followed a five step process as established by PMI for successful project management: The Initiating Process During this stage, the PMCOE team received approval from se nior management to establish the merged PMCOE. A proposal was developed which included a needs assessment, resource forecast and financial benefits. During annual planning, the PMCOE Business Plan was re-evaluated to ensure mission and goals were in alignment with corporate priorities and strategic drivers. The Planning Process The team determined which project management products and services from each legacy team continued to add value to the project management community. A needs assessment was completed to identify the most critical project management products and services under the new AT vision and mission statement. The Executing Process – The team executed the outlined plan which resulted in delivering the project on time, under budget and with quality. Within several months, the new PMCOE had executed the integration of the two legacy teams and gained traction with the recently merged PM Community. The Monitoring and Controlling Process The PMCOE reported business plan goals each month to senior management. An annual Client Satisfaction Survey was distributed at the end of the year to capture feedback from the merged AT Project Management Community and additional surveys were distributed to the participants of major deliverables including the annual AT Project Management Symposium. All this feedback was analyzed and incorporated into key findings that were then used to improve the PMCOE. The Closing Process – This final step occurred in two distinct stages. First, the integration of the legacy teams was completed successfully. Next, the process (Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling) was repeated when legacy BellSouth and legacy Cingular project managers were incorporated effectively into the PMCOE Business Plan. To finally close the project, lessons learned were identified to assist with future planning. POTENTIAL PROJECT RISKS RiskRisk Level L/M/HLikelihood of EventMitigation Strategy Project Size Person HoursH: Over 20,000CertaintyAssigned Project Manager, engaged consultant, comprehensive project management approach and communications plan Estimated Project ScheduleH: Over 12 monthsCertaintyCreated comprehensive project timeline with frequent baseline reviews Team Size at PeakH: Over 15 membersCertaintyComprehensive communications plan, frequent meetings, tight project management oversight Number of Interfaces to Existing Systems AffectedH: Over 3CertaintyDevelop interface control document immediately Project Definition Narrow Knowledge Level of UsersM: Knowledgeable of user area onlyLikelyAssigned Project Manager(s) to assess global implications Available documentation clouds establishment of baselineM: More than 75% complete/currentLikelyBalance of information to be gathered by consultant Project Scope CreepL: Scope generally defined, subject to revisionUnlikelyScope intially defined in project plan, reviewed monthly by three groups (Project Manager and Steering Committee) to prevent undetected scope creep Consultant Project Deliverables unclearL: Well definedUnlikelyIncluded in project plan, subject to amendment Vendor Project DeliverablesM: Estimated, not clearly definedSomewhat likelyIncluded in project plan, subject to amendment Cost Estimates UnrealisticL: Thoroughly predicted by industry experts using proven practices to 15% margin of errorUnlikelyIncluded in project plan, subject to amendment as new details regarding project scope are revealed Timeline Estimates UnrealisticM: Timeline assumes no derailmentSomewhat likelyTimeline reviewed monthly by three groups (Project Manager and Steering Committee) to prevent undetected timeline departures Number of Team Members Unknowledgeable of BusinessL: Team well versed in business operations impacted by technologyUnlikelyProject Manager and consultant to identify knowledge gaps and provide training, as necessary Project Leadership Steering Committee existenceL: Identified and enthusiasticUnlikelyFrequently seek feedback to ensure continued support Absence of Commitment Level/Attitude of ManagementL: Understands value supports projectUnlikelyFrequently seek feedback to ensure continued support Absence of Commitment Level/Attitude of UsersL: Understands value supports projectUnlikelyFrequently seek feedback to ensure continued support Absence of Mid-Management CommitmentL: Most understand value support projectUnlikelyFrequently seek feedback to ensure continued support Project Staffing Project Team AvailabilityM: Distributed team makes availability questionableSomewhat likelyContinuous review of project momentum by all levels. Consultant to identify any impacts caused by unavailability. If necessary, increase committmment by participants to full time status Physical Location of Team prevents effective managementM: Team is dispersed among several sitesLikelyUse of Intranet project website, comprehensive Communications Plan Project Team’s Shared Work Experience creates poor working relationshipM: Some have worked together beforeSomewhat likelyComprehensive Communications Plan Weak User Participation on Project TeamL: Users are part-time team membersUnlikelyUser Group Participants coordinated by full time employee Project Management Procurement Methodology Used foreign to teamL: Procurement Methodology familiar to teamUnlikelyN/A Change Management Procedures undefinedL: Well-definedUnlikelyN/A Quality Management Procedures unclearL: Well-defined and acceptedUnlikelyN/A Software Vendor Number of Times Team Has Done Prior Work with Vendor Creates Foreign RelationshipH: NeverCertaintyA comprehensive vendor evaluation and election process (incorporated into Project Plan) will be employed to predict and define the relationship between the department and the vendor Team’s Lack of Knowledge of PackageM: Conceptual understandingSomewhat likelyComprehensive vendor evaluation and selection process in corporated into Project Plan will assist the team in better understanding the package offering(s) Poor Functional Match of Package to Initial System RequirementsL: Minimal customization requiredUnlikelyAlthough a package has not yet been selected, the Consultant has compared the initial requirements with available functionality and determined that a functional match to the initial requirements is very likely. Vendor selection will be based, in part, on how well the proposed application matches defined functional specifications. Team’s Involvement in Package Selection Impacts Success of ImplementationL: High involvement in selectionUnlikelyComprehensive vendor evaluation and selection process incorporated into Project Plan PROJECT MANAGEMENT APPROACH RoleResponsibilities Project SponsorUltimate decision-maker and tie-breaker Provide project oversight and guidance Review/approve some project elements Steering CommitteeCommits department resources Approves major funding and resource allocation strategies, and significant changes to funding/resource allocation Resolves conflicts and issues Provides direction to the Project Manager Review project deliverables Project ManagerManages project in accordance to the project plan Serves as liaison to the Steering Committee Receive guidance from Steering Committee Supervises consultants Supervise vendor(s) Provide overall project direction Direct/lead team members toward project objectives Handle problem resolution Manages the project budget Project ParticipantsUnderstand the user needs and business processes of their area Act as consumer advocate in representing their area Communicate project goals, status and progress throughout the project to personnel in their area Review and approve project deliverables Creates or helps create work products Coordinates participation of work groups, individuals and stakeholders Provide knowledge and recommendations Helps identify and remove project barriers Assure quality of products that will meet the project goals and objectives Identify risks and issues and help in resolutions Subject Matter ExpertsLend expertise and guidance as needed PROJECT ROLES AND RE SPONSIBILITIES ? ISSUE MANAGEMENT The information contained within the Project Plan will likely change as the project progresses. While change is both certain and required, it is important to note that any changes to the Project Plan will impact at least one of three critical success factors: Available Time, Available Resources (Financial, Personnel), or Project Quality. The decision by which to make modifications to the Project Plan (including project scope and resources) should be coordinated using the following process: Step 1: As soon as a change which impacts project scope, schedule, staffing or spending is identified, the Project Manager will document the issue. Step 2:The Project Manager will review the change and determine the associated impact to the project and will forward the issue, along with a recommendation, to the Steering Committee for review and decision. Step 3:Upon receipt, the Steering Committee should reach a consensus opinion on whether to approve, reject or modify the request based upon the information contained within the project website, the Project Manager’s recommendation and their own judgment. Should the Steering Committee be unable to reach consensus on the approval or denial of a change, the issue will be forwarded to the Project Sponsor, with a written summation of the issue, for ultimate resolution. Step 4:If required under the decision matrix or due to a lack of consensus, the Project Sponsor shall review the issue(s) and render a final decision on the approval or denial of a change. Step 5:Following an approval or denial (by the Steering Committee or Project Sponsor), the Project Manager will notify the original requestor of the action taken. There is no appeal process. COMMUNICATION PLAN Disseminating knowledge about the project is essential to the project’s success. Project participants desire knowledge of what the status of the project is and how they are affected. Furthermore, they are anxious to participate. The more that people are educated about the progress of the project and how it will help them in the future, the more they are likely to participate and benefit. This plan provides a framework for informing, involving, and obtaining buy-in from all participants throughout the duration of the project. Audience, this communication plan is for the following audiences: Project Sponsor Steering Committee Project Manager User Group Participants Subject Matter Experts Communications Methodology The communications methodology utilizes three directions for effective communication: Top-Down. It is absolutely crucial that all participants in this project sense the executive support and guidance for this effort. The executive leadership of the organization needs to speak with a unified, enthusiastic voice about the project and what it holds for everyone involved. This will be hands-on change management, if it is to be successful. Not only will the executives need to speak directly to all levels of the organization, they will also need to listen directly to all levels of the organization, as well. The transition from the project management practices of today to the practices envisioned for tomorrow will be driven by a sure and convinced leadership focused on a vision and guided by clearly defined, strategic, measurable goals. Bottom-Up. To ensure the buy-in and confidence of the personnel involved in bringing the proposed changes to reality, it will be important to communicate the way in which the solutions were created. If the perception in the organization is that only the Steering Committee created the proposed changes, resistance is likely to occur. However, if it is understood that all participants were consulted, acceptance seems more promising. Middle-Out. Full support at all levels, where the changes will have to be implemented, is important to sustainable improvement. At this level (as with all levels), there must be an effort to find and communicate the specific benefits of the changes. People need a personal stake in the success of the project management practices. Communications Outreach The following is a list of communication events that are established for this project: Monthly Status Reports. The Project Manager shall provide monthly written status reports to the Steering Committee. The reports shall include the following information tracked against the Project Plan: Summary of tasks completed in previous month Summary of tasks scheduled for completion in the next month Summary of issue status and resolutions Communications Outreach, the following is a list of communication events that are established for this project: Monthly Steering Committee Meeting These status meetings are held at least once per month and are coordinated by the Project Manager. Every member of the Steering Committee participates in the meeting. The Project Manager sends the status report to each member of the team prior to the meeting time so everyone can review it in advance. Bi-Monthly Project Team Status Meeting These status meetings are held every other month. Every member of the Project Team will be invited to participate in the meeting. Project Manager sends the status report to each member of the team prior to the meeting so everyone can review it in advance. Website Use User Group Participants and Subject Matter Experts may be updated monthly at the discretion of the Project Manager. Information will be posted to the project’s website.

10 Time Management Strategies That Are The Key to Life Success

10 Time Management Strategies That Are The Key to Life Success Feel stressed? Despite knowing you have the talent and the drive to achieve real success, do you just constantly find yourself on the wrong side of an insurmountable pile of tasks and often feel discouraged? Don’t worry too much. You just need a reboot of your time management skill set and develop better time management strategies. The trick is to organize your tasks and projects in a system that works for you and will work no matter what  stress a random crisis adds. You’ll find your stress level in general comes down considerably if you can find your own time management groove.Make the most of the 24 hours given to you each day with these 10 time management strategies.1. Learn to TriageStep one is to figure out what  your major goals and most pressing projects are, and then to put those at the top of your priorities list. Then rank the rest in order of importance. Start each day by assessing what you have to do and focusing your immediate energy on the most import ant tasks.2.  Make a List, Check It TwiceYou’ll have to focus your energy on big ticket  items first, but you also want to make sure you set up regular time to work on the things that get pushed to the bottom of the list so nothing falls through the cracks. Find a system that works for you that means you get the most pressing things done first, but also regularly cycle all the way through your list.3. Don’t be Afraid to DelegateOnce you have your system in place, there will be a few things that you can put on someone else’s desk. Don’t hesitate to do this. It’s a necessary leadership skill, and it will help you keep focused on the things requiring your unique attention.4. Set Deadlines, Even If They’re FakeYou’d be amazed at how much more you can get done when under deadlines. Make a calendar of when your projects are due to your superiors or coworkers. Then add in some deadlines of your own- just remember to hold yourself to them .5.  Practice the Best De-stressing Method You KnowNo matter how organized you are, stress can derail you if you let it spiral out of control. Find ways to relax and reconnect so physical and mental weariness never keep you off your game. Sleep!6. Pick Your BattlesDon’t obsess over the insignificant or unimportant. Figure out what really requires your energy and effort, and fix that spotlight where it most needs to be.7.  Don’t Stop Once You Find MomentumDo whatever you can to pick up speed in your new system, and then start riding that high. Continue picking up speed as you cross projects off your list. Don’t break your pace!8. Concentrate on  One Thing at a TimeMultitasking isn’t always the answer. You might find you’re most productive when you focus on one thing at a time and get more things done overall.9. Time YourselfIf procrastination is a problem for you, consider working in 25 or 45 minute intervals with regular breaks. That way you know you’re only ever a countdown away from a Facebook break, but you’re also guaranteed to power through some work. This works best if you turn off notifications on your phone. Put it in a drawer during your work intervals!10. Get Started- Now!You’ll never get anywhere in your system if you never set one up. Act now. Start early. And get it done. You’ll be delighted with the results.

Reconstruction Plans Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reconstruction Plans - Coursework Example However, President Abraham Lincoln was also afraid that the federal Court might contrary his orders on reconstruction. This was a possibility that encouraged efforts of Republican and resulted in emancipation of Thirteenth Amendment. President Abraham Lincoln highly supported this amendment to ensure that the new constitution could improve an essential guide for reconstructed states as well as post-Appomattox High Court. President Abraham Lincoln had a belief that the Constitution was appropriate for reconstruction and states’ unity. Both his innate instinct towards decency and impressive education enabled him to become the President a post that enhanced to reunify as improving the entire nation. In the year 1862, Lincoln asked Attorney Edwin to ensure that the rights adhered to all citizens in the nation. The reply of the Attorney General rested on circuit opinion of Justice Bushrod Washington in the year 1823 in Corfield Coryell. Lincoln ensured that the rights abolished slavery. Lincoln’s plans towards reconstruction were depicted in the year 1862 and 1863 when he ordered black to be included in the military. Qsn 2: reconstruction was an attempt that was started from the year 1865 to 1877in the history of America. The main purpose of reconstruction was to resolve the matters of the Civil War after destruction of both slavery and confederacy. Reconstruction went through three different phases, which include the presidential reconstruction phase, radical reconstruction phase, and redemption phase. The presidential reconstruction phase started in the year 1863 and ended in 1866. This phase was under control of Andrew Johnson and President Abraham Lincoln with the aim reuniting the entire country at a faster rate2. This moderate program was affected by opposition of Radical Republicans a faction that was influenced by 1866 elections. The main aim of the Radical reconstructionwas to improve voting rights and civil rights for the citizens. In the year 1873

Answer the questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Answer the questions - Assignment Example Secondly, McCoy was tired from the lock trek he had already been on; therefore, carrying the Sadhu down the slope was going to be a more than impossible task to accomplish. Additionally, everyone in the group was disjointed, and thus there was no common ground to make a decision. As a defense for McCoy, I would say that the circumstances that prevailed in the mountain provided him with little or no rope on which to make an informed decision. Each decision he would have made would have had consequences. The decision he made to treat the Sadhu for hypothermia helped a great deal to bring the Sadhu back to vigor from the lifeless state he had been in prior to the McCoy’s intervention. In conclusion, McCoy did something to mitigate the situation even if it was enough to suffice the situation. In this case, I think McCoy would have stopped to help. Women and children are vulnerable and as such, McCoy would have been motivated to help. Additionally, there is a vast chasm between the Western culture and Asian culture since McCoy hails from the western culture he would have stopped to help the western woman. Besides, children are a responsibility of everyone in the Western culture; therefore, he would have also been forced to help if it were a child. McCoy helping a western woman or a child matters because failure to do so would lead us to question his values, as well as moral grounding. Women and children are vulnerable and as such, it is essential to assist them. Context is essential for us to empathize with McCoy in this situation. Besides, context enables to learn from experiences and hence make a better decision in the future. The conditions that prevailed in McCoy’s case were grave, and McCoy was in danger of being spent up or getting an attack of altitude sickness. Absolutely. The dangers that one faces on top of the mountain are life-threatening in nature – altitude sickness, accidents, hypothermia – to mention but a few. When making a judgment, in

The Effect Of Tourism On Peoples Lifestyle Tourism Essay

The Effect Of Tourism On Peoples Lifestyle Tourism Essay According, Gawler believed that tourism is effecting to economic and lifestyle of people in each area of tourism. Tourism has fears that is expanded to tourism and related to badly react or mass tourists. Anyway, tourism can be both positive and negative impacts on countries. Moreover, Mirbabayev and Shagazatova said that nowadays, tourism is the largest factor of economic. Tourism is evolving in economic activities. Various sectors of economy have affected from growing development rates; infrastructure development, foreign currency inflows, and new management. They can be contributed to the social and economic development in big part of the country. Also, Lehmann (2005) explained that there are three distinct parts: direct, indirect, and induced in the total economic impact of travelers First, the direct impact is the value added of those sectors that interact directly with the visitor. Second, the indirect impact is the benefit to suppliers to those direct sectors. Third, the induced impact adds the impact of tourism-generated wages as they are spent in economy. In addition, Rattanasuwongchai (1994) told that Tourism is the fastest growing industries and can generate national income in developing economies. Same as the other, Thailand has a tourism that is a major source of national income. Although tourism had some negative effects, it has covered all level. Otherwise, Sugiyarto, Blake, and Sinclair (2002) defined that tourism took place within a large context of the world economy. Besides, Sherpa (2006) said that tourism is a major economic activity providing livelihoods to poor people. Moreover, Bartsch (1998) said that Tourism conducted tourists visiting the village. They can get extra income and took advantage by offering accommodation to tourists. Likewise, Khadka (1996) explained that International tourism is a fast growing in economic factors. It increased in national income. Meanwhile, Albqami (1997) said that Tourism had received more attention in nowadays. Tourism stimulated to the economic growth. Similarly, Suntikul (2008) told that Tourism has a difficult problem. Tourism is accepting as the economic and societal importance of tourism activity. However, tourism has poorly managed within its economy, social, and environmental contexts. The meaning of the impacts of tourism cannot be properly assessed. Advantage of tourism impact According, Gawler (2001) believed that the advantages of tourism are economic development. Tourism is helping to support communities, particularly in rural areas. There are little dependences on urban centers and imports to sustain tourism activity as we called decentralised. Tourism development often brings a range of benefits to host communities. Improved infrastructure power, water, and telecommunications, services (banks, transport) and new investments, all serve to enhance the lifestyles of communities. Tourism can make a sense of community pride in their location. Tourism can exchange for cultural between communities and visitors. Tourism creates regional identity both nationally and internationally. Conservation area efforts and provides effective management of significant areas can get the fund for conservative and management. Tourism can promote the preservation. Otherwise, Mirbabayev and Shagazatova supported that Tourism can be both a source of international peace and understanding. Here are possible positive effects of tourism: Tourism is developing positive attitudes towards each other culture and learning about each others culture and customs. Also, Tourism is reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes. Tourism is developing friendships and developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for each others culture. Finally, Tourism is increasing self-esteem of hosts and tourists. Similarly, Lehmann (2005) said that tourism consists of share of the retail, transportation, restaurant, lodging, and entertainment industries directly contribute to the travel sector. Tourism directly gave nearly $1.64 billion in Palm Beach County on 2004. Meanwhile, Sugiyarto, Blake, and Sinclair (2002) defined that the levels of GDP and employment are increased by tourism growth. Trade, tax and balance of payment can increase by tourism activity. Additional, Albqami (1997) said that tourism industry is increased; the industry will need to purchase more input in the economy to produce the additional output. These purchases will stimulate additional output. Disadvantage of tourism impact According to, Rattanasuwongchai (1994) told that a huge number of tourists exploit natural resources. Tourism has a heavy impact on the environment. In addition, tourism needs more infrastructures, transportation and other facilities which can cause environmental suffering. Tourism caused environmental pollution from human waste, sewerage into water sources, and trash. Without strict regulations in land using, most hotel may invade the preservative areas. It can be cause of declining in participation in rural traditional. Similarly, Bartsch (1998) explained that Tourism in Ban Chaidee is does not replace any other activity, and agriculture which is still regarded by people as most important economic activity. Environmental damage and government policies have decreased the traditional resources of the villagers. The pollution caused by tourists, noise pollution late at night. Moreover, Khadka (1996) explained that Environmental and socio-cultural depletes may make tourism unsustainable. These factors can also be regional in their nature or impact. Otherwise, Sherpa (2006) said that tourists had a negative effect to loss of rural culture. In additional, Suntikul (2008) told that tourists took a critical the cultural in tourism practice, and the host culture. Tourism is introducing negative impacts to Luang Prabang.

Case study digital storytelling

During my 2nd arrangement, kids from twelvemonth 1/Reception category were analyzing traditional narratives as portion of their literacy course of study and had been reading a narrative together every twenty-four hours, so utilizing the texts they read as theoretical accounts for composing their ain narratives. The focal point for the hebdomad ‘s literacy lesson was the life of a fairy tale for their new subject work ‘at the films ‘ OBJ utilizing ICT to show their completed work efficaciously to the whole school during their ‘Oscars ‘ ceremonial. Constructing up to the life lesson kids had worked in groups utilizing a narrative stick to compose, assemble and sequence events of their fairytale OBJ on paper with TA support as a Scribe. The narrative created so was transferred to a movie storyboard OBJ telling events in appropriate item within eight scenes. Working in groups the focal point of the larning aims switched to talking and listening, to take bend s in speech production, relate their parts to what has gone on before, take different positions into history by proposing betterments and giving grounds for sentiments and actions suggested to add address to the narrative board, including appropriate modulation, choose words with preciseness, organise what they say whilst focal point on the chief point ( s ) and relevant item to take into history the demands of their hearers. In readying for the life actiivty, kids were encouraged to visualize the terminal merchandise of a movie and kids were encouraged to play with the digi blue cameras without support, in a elusive scene during taking clip, and they used Steve Bowkett grids to compose narratives whilst half the were being supported in compilation and doing characters and props they needed for their scene. Earlier that forenoon I had set up three tabular arraies against the wall so the kids could trap up their background, use the tabular arraies and bluish tack for positioning their characters, and the camera blue tacked down so that the kids could non accidently strike hard the camera and do it to misalign. The digi blue camera so had the laptop connected to them and turned/logged on. Then in the focal point lesson, the lesson aim was introduced to the kids whilst on the rug, and I began by patterning the life procedure. Here I could see the kids were engaged by utilizing the IWB, which was non frequently used, they all turned to confront the board. I demonstrated how you take 30 frames to get down and stressed the vocabulary of frames and takes within the film procedure. Children responded and used I could see were seeking out the words. Here they helped me to number to 30 ( most were able to follow the form ) . Then I modeled how you move the character within the scene, taking 4 fra mes each clip, scribing on the whiteboard adjacent to the IWB the get downing 30 frames, takes 4 frames etc. for them to mention to when utilizing the computing machines. Here the kids were impatient, showing a deficiency of understanding that the procedure was slow, and I could see that they were still visualising it being kindred to a picture camera. Therefore, I continued to travel the character easy, ask foring the kids to come up and take bends to travel the character in between ‘takes ‘ . Here I saw some of the kids rapidly cottoned on to the procedure and could efficaciously mime what I had modeled. During this, I chose the autistic kid, to guarantee that he stayed engaged, as he does non normally sit for long periods on the rug. He competently participated and so remained focused for the remainder of the debut. To complete the starting motor, I so asked the kids what they think we would make next, here kids guessed that it would leap about, and the category discu ssed what life would look like. Children ‘s replies were constructive that it would be like a sketch. Once I had shown the category what the finished merchandise looked like I asked the kids to notice on what they had seen. One kid said it was jerked meat One kid said the character jumped One kid said the movie was excessively short One kid commented that you could see shadows and light altering. From this, I scribed on the IWB a list of things they had evaluated, and highlighted to the kids of those things to bear in head whilst they were finishing their undertaking. The category was so divided into their groups that had been composing the narrative, here utilizing a TA for each of two groups, and myself for one group. Facilitating the kids with the handling of the computing machine and to mentioning to their storyboard the kids used the storyboard to make the scenes they had sequenced and added action to the characters, inspiring them to their demands. Whilst working with the group, they took bends to run the laptop and travel the characters, during which was assessed by the grownup in their apprehension of the life procedure. I asked the kids, to propose betterments, and used inquiring of what happens following to ease their acquisition. During the lesson, the group started by demoing small understanding and motive, there was non adequate action to maintain concentration, and were fighting with the construct, traveling the characters without thought, and there were many custodies within shootings as they did n't tie in the ‘snapshot ‘ would capture whatever was shown on the screen. However as they started to see the procedure and had seen their movie start to take form ( a reappraisal characteristic in the package I used to demo them their work so far ) . Then one response kid, fascinated by computing machines moved a character really specifically so I knew that he understood the procedure. The twelvemonth one kid nevertheless was distracted, concentrating in and out when there were undertakings to make. Upon finishing the life, I introduced the group separately to the voice narrative characteristic and here the kids held complete attending, discoursing whether to shout the lines they had prepared and how to state them. For the kid in my group with SALT intercession for speech hindrance, this allowed him to talk confidently as non in a group state of affairs and he responded good. Here the group showed consideration for timing, discoursing when the character should ‘kick ‘ ruddy equitation goon into the fire. Theoretical Ideas and Assumptions Underliing This Situation. In this lesson I attempted to take the kids ‘s larning off from a traditional literacy undertaking, and supply the kids with a new originative mercantile establishment, particularly for kids with weak authorship or originative accomplishments. The theories underlying this activity I have generalised as those associating to: staging, societal cognitive interaction and actuating scholars – through ICT and centripetal existent life experience. How the Theory of Scaffolding was Used in Planing Instructional staging is used in instruction to supply sufficient support to advance larning when a construct or accomplishment is foremost introduced, which, for immature kids, is a day-to-day demand as they learn many new constructs. In this undertaking two different types of Scaffolding Theory ( Bruner ) were used, difficult and soft. Soft staging was used through natural constructions that supported linguistic communication acquisition – narrative clip and independent reading of the faery narratives, supplying entree to literacy tools of traditional narrative construction, cardinal phrases, and vocabulary ( Daniels, 1994 ) . Beyond the initial linguistic communication acquisition difficult scaffold tools were planned for the kids to utilize to back up the kids through the undertakings whilst larning new constructs, but designed to be impermanent, removed by the kid when they were able to finish the undertaking themselves, distinguishing by result. When composing their narr ative utilizing the narrative sticks kids were so able to be originative and inventive with their narrative, altering the sequence/development of the narrative if required. They were encouraged to compose their ain sentences, but besides provided them with pre-printed traditional narrative linguistic communication they could utilize if fighting. Observations by the TAs showed that one kid, underconfident in literacy asked to compose a sentence composed within the group and grownups provided support required for the response kids, largely scribing with the exclusion of one kid who truly wanted to compose. This showed a big motivational difference in certain kids, and an enthusiasm stemming for the quality of the narrative developed with the scaffold support. When the kids were larning the new construct of life, the resources, the motivational undertaking and grownup aid were planned in progress to back up the kids in sing construct of life whilst still concentrating on the speech production and hearing, composing and ICT being assessed. Using life with 5 twelvemonth old kids epitomised the theory of scaffold, the planned support could ease a possible result superior to the work their independent attempts could accomplish. By really definition scaffold is to help building, which the undertaking provided. The films or narratives could hold been every bit completed through moving or marionettes, but the usage of ICT and characteristics such as narrative and particular effects supported kids e.g. less confident and a male child with speech troubles. Using the ICT put into topographic point a impermanent difficult scaffold model, non for the acquisition nonsubjective, but to help pupils with a hard undertaking ( Saye and Brush, 2002 ) and ent ree the undertaking in a novel and actuating manner. This ‘Technical staging ‘ is a newer attack in which computing machines replace the instructors as the experts or ushers, and kids can be guided ( Yelland and Masters, 2007 ) . The activity was designed so that grownup support could be removed if a kid secured an apprehension or could run on their ain ( depending on ability ) . Year one kids and one response kid showed that they were able to utilize the staging of ICT without any demand for grownup intercession, which so defined a degree of understanding and larning within the environment created that exceeded outlooks for kids so immature. This demonstrated success of utilizing scaffold theory, as it was designed to back up any kid of any age/maturity may non be able to joint or research larning independently, perfect for a disconnected twelvemonth group category. The ICT and grownup interaction in no manner changed the nature or trouble degree of the undertaking ; al ternatively, the scaffolds provided allow the pupil to successfully finish the undertaking, distinguishing by result. With increasing understanding and control, the kids the instructor ‘s degree and type of support changed over clip from directing, to suggestion, to encouragement, to observation, the grownup lending merely to prolong the undertaking ( Teale & A ; Sulzby, 1986 ) . Within these scaffolding events, learning and acquisition, inseparable constituents, stress both the kid ‘s personal building of literacy and the grownup ‘s parts to the kid ‘s underdeveloped apprehensions of print. These supports are bit by bit removed as pupils develop independent acquisition schemes, therefore advancing their ain cognitive, affectional and psychomotor acquisition accomplishments and cognition. Blooms taxonomy Although ICT provided support scaffold, every bit as is its nature, ICT can hold confining effects, kids so immature needed aid in runing the equipment to get down, rapidly picking it up, but ICT adds an component of defeat and the custodies in the images, combined with kids picking up the construct of little motions slowed the effectivity of the scaffold, diffused by the grownup support.In Vygotsky ‘s words, â€Å" what the kid is able to make in coaction today he will be able to make independently tomorrow † ( Vygotsky, 1987, p.A 211 ) .Social and Cognitive Interaction. In add-on, Piaget, Dewey, societal interaction and equal theoretical accounts. The undertaking could non hold been scaffolded wholly nevertheless, as kids had to portion the scaffold in a group scenario, disputing speech production and listening accomplishments, chiefly due to resource and clip restraints. Although group work does, in consequence, supply mutual staging ( Holton and Thomas ) , for kids at the age of 5, I observed that the accomplishments required to work in the environment designed by the undertaking required important acquisition from the kids to collaboratively work together. In this state of affairs, the group can larn from each other ‘s experiences and cognition sharing the staging between each member, altering invariably as the group worked on the undertaking ( Holton and Clarke, 2006 ) . By utilizing the group dynamic and ensuing address, a critical tool to scaffold thought and responding, played a important function in the development of higher psychological procedures ( Luria, 1979 ) the kids had to flexible in sharing their though ts and decisicons had to be comprismised, and they had to show independent believing to convey thoughts to the groups work ( Bodrova & A ; Leong, 1996 ) . Using a Vygotsky position, the talk and ensuing action of the group sociocultural cloth of the composing event was able to assist determine the kids ‘s building of consciousness of negociating and compromising towards the concluding merchandise and successful result ( Dorn, 1996 ) . The kids ‘s treatments ranged from whose bend or suggestions to utilizing accounts linked to their cognition of characteristics of traditional narratives. The adults function in the activity was to determine the kid ‘s acquisition by utilizing and accommodating linguistic communication and set vocabulary to conform to the groups understanding Clay ( 2005 ) Whilst measuring insouciant colloquial exchanges for cognitive development, linguistic communication acquisition, narrative composing for authorship, and reading comprehension. As t he kids are non at a secure composing ability, conversations within the societal interaction of the group finishing the undertaking was important in easing productive, constructive, experimental, and development of new thoughts ( Smagorinsky, 2007 ) . Linked to this, Bandura ‘s Social Learning Theory that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and patterning. By blending the ages of the groups between twelvemonth 1 ad response kids, they jointly observed each other ‘s behavior, attitudes, and results in footings of uninterrupted mutual interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences. The positive acquisition environment, prosecuting activity and attractive result meant that the twelvemonth one modelled focal point and enagement with the undertaking, and their thoughts were all valued, with response kids responding to the same behavior and assurance edifice within the undertaking, theory related to Vygotsky ‘s Social Development Theory and Lave ‘s Situated Learning, which besides emphasize the importance of societal acquisition. Equally the undertaking was deisgned so that an grownup could utilize Vygotsky, pupils develop higher-level thought accomplishments when s caffolding occurs with an grownup expert or with a equal of higher capablenesss ( Stone, 1998 ) . Conversely, Piaget believes that pupils discard their thoughts when paired with an grownup or pupil of more expertness ( Piaget, 1928 ) . Alternatively, pupils should be paired with others who have different positions. Conflicts would so take topographic point between pupils leting them to believe constructively at a higher degree. By directing the undertaking focal point on the kids, the traditionally held a transmissionist or instructionist theoretical account in which a instructor or lector ‘transmits ‘ information to pupils, the activity used Vygotsky ‘s theory to promotes larning contexts in which pupils play an active function in larning. Functions of the instructor and pupil are hence shifted, as a instructor should join forces with his or her pupils in order to assist ease intending building in pupils. Traveling from the instructor offers degrees of verbal and non-verbal presentations and waies as the kid observes, mimics, or portions the composing undertaking. Learning hence becomes a mutual experience for the pupils and instructor. Once the kids were content to research their work themselves, the functions for the instructor meant that I stepped back from supplying a equal theoretical account, a function for kids to look to for congratulations or pursuit for the right reply, alternat ively, the undertaking became steeping for the group, with kids supplying their ain support construction and motive. The More Knowing Other ( MKO ) . The MKO refers to anyone who has a better apprehension or a higher ability degree than the scholar, with regard to a peculiar undertaking, procedure, or construct. The MKO is usually thought of as being a instructor, manager, or older grownup, but the MKO could besides be equals, a younger individual, or even computing machines. The Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD ) . The ZPD is the distance between a pupil ‘s ability to execute a undertaking under grownup counsel and/or with peer coaction and the pupil ‘s ability work outing the job independently. Harmonizing to Vygotsky, larning occurred in this zone. Whilst come oning their acquisition hold oning the construct and utilizing the ICT, the kids so operated within societal interaction and knowledge. Through joint activities, the instructor scaffolds conversation to maximise the development of a kid ‘s intrapsychological operation. In this procedure, the grownup controls the elements of the undertaking that are beyond the kid ‘s ability all the piece increasing the outlooks of what the kid is able to make. Dewey non merely re-imagined the manner that the acquisition procedure should take topographic point, but besides the function that the instructor should play within that procedure. Harmonizing to Dewey, the instructor should non b e one to stand at the forepart of the room doling out spots of information to be absorbed by inactive pupils. Alternatively, the instructor ‘s function should be that of facilitator and usher. As Dewey ( 1897 ) explains it: The instructor is non in the school to enforce certain thoughts or to organize certain wonts in the kid, but is at that place as a member of the community to choose the influences which shall impact the kid and to help him in decently reacting to these influences ( p. 9 ) . Therefore the instructor becomes a spouse in the acquisition procedure, steering pupils to independently discover intending within the capable country. This doctrine has become an progressively popular thought within contemporary instructor preparatory plans. Necessary conditions for effectual modeling: Attention – assorted factors increase or decrease the sum of attending paid. Includes peculiarity, affectional valency, prevalence, complexness, functional value. One ‘s features ( e.g. centripetal capacities, arousal degree, and perceptual set, past support ) affect attending. Retention – retrieving what you paid attending to. Includes symbolic cryptography, mental images, cognitive organisation, symbolic dry run, motor dry run Reproduction – reproducing the image. Including physical capablenesss, and self-observation of reproduction.Motivation – holding a good ground to copy. Includes motivations such as past ( i.e. traditional behaviorism ) , promised ( imagined inducements ) and vicarious ( seeing and remembering the strengthened theoretical account )Motivation Theory, Having a Good Reason to Imitate, Socially Interact and Use Scaffolding to Make a Successful End Merchandise Ofsted ( 2002 ) besides found that utilizing ICT enhances a lessons intent, a statement evident in other studies ( Becta, 2010, EPI, 2004, Futurelab, 2010 ) . I observed that ICT offered students means to imagine success and possible end-points for their work. ( Q28 ) For students, ICT reinforced their apprehension of the intent of their authorship and that the terminal consequence is a show. Becta ( 2007 ) found positive facets such as the possible to make reliable texts for ‘real life ‘ intents and audiences provided a motivational and originative ‘hook ‘ for the students ( Becta, 2007 ) . ( Q25 ‘s ) Abstract constructs such as ocular literacy are exciting for the kids to research, and as ( Bamford, 2003 ) noted ocular images are prevailing signifier of communicating in the current digital society which kids can associate to. ( Q25b ) Modeling – First of wholly, â€Å" be what you want them to make! † This acitivty besides applied many theoreticians combined that believe existent life application and motive must be child centred. For illustration, How Children Learn by pedagogue John Holt, focuses on Holt ‘s interactions with immature kids, and his observations of kids larning that kids learn most efficaciously by their ain motive and on their ain footings. More intircatly the planning did non take to entirely actuate the kids, life is shown to be a important tool for kids as it features and uses many theories to derive the kids ‘s involvement and initiate attending. John Kellers ARCS Model of Motivational Design proposed that attending can be gained in two ways: stimulates wonder by presenting disputing inquiries or jobs to be solved.or to utilize surprise or unsteadily to derive involvement through novel, surprising, incongruous, and unsure events. Animation is a proved method for catching the scholars ‘ attending as it includes two really cardinal thoughts lar ning through experience, i.e. active engagement, hands-on methods, to acquire scholars involved with the topic and variableness resources that account for single differences in larning manners and let a assortment of methods in showing stuff. Again within Kellers ARCS theoretical account utilizing life stimulates relevancy for the activity, ensured as the kids knew they were traveling to watch the picture on the large hall screen, to increase a scholar ‘s motive. Using schemes to foreground the successful result, induced motive to finish a good terminal undertaking, one kid inquiring if twelvemonth 6 were traveling to see it. They could see the nexus between composing their ain narratives and doing their tale reliable. Visually life was easy for younger kids to conceive of the terminal consequence and how they were larning something utile, without them being cognizant of the true larning aim of vaocabulary and narrative construction. To a grade the life undertaking and the ind efinable power of ICT to redact for kids meatn they became cognizant of the kineticss of accomplishment, hazard pickings, power, and association. This powerful scheme of Choice, utilizing the scaffolding kids were assured the ability to utilize different methods to prosecute their work or leting pick in how they organize it. The ARCS theoretical account so moves onto assurance, and understanding their likeliness for success, by utilizing scaffolding success was inevitable, all kids knew they could accomplish the result, increasing their assurance and even those necessitating more support were discreetly directed utilizing scaffolding to go an expert. As I had specifically introduced a significance for the work the and the usage of ICT scaffolding provided kids the most hard motivational tool – Satisfaction. Learning must be honoring or fulfilling in some manner, whether it is from a sense of accomplishment, congratulations from a superior, or mere amusement. Make the scholar feel as though the accomplishment is utile or good by supplying chances to utilize freshly acquired cognition in a existent scene. Evaluation OF LESSON Many research workers even recognition him with the influence of Project Based Learning ( PBL ) which places pupils in the active function of research workers. DISCUSS, CHILDREN MOTIVATION SCAFFOLD POISTIVE MORE Evaluation Children learn best when they are non pressured to larn in a manner that is of no involvement to them. For illustration, the first thing all pedagogues should make is measure which type of multiple intelligence pupils ‘ possess and Teach and measure them separately on the footing of this. Provide aims and prerequisites – Aid pupils estimate the chance of success by showing public presentation demands and rating standards. Guarantee the scholars are cognizant of public presentation demands and appraising standards. Allow for success that is meaningful. Turn the Learners – Allow for little stairss of growing during the learning procedure. Feedback – Provide feedback and support internal ascriptions for success. Learner Control – Learners should experience some grade of control over their acquisition and appraisal. They should believe that their success is a direct consequence of the sum of attempt they have put Forth. Provide feedback and support. When scholars appreciate the consequences, they will be motivated to larn. Satisfaction is based upon motive, which can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Do non sponsor the scholar by over-rewarding easy undertakings.

What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About Topics for Analysis Essay

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South Carolina Vital Records Births, Marriages Deaths

Learn how and where to obtain birth, marriage, and death certificates and records in South Carolina, including the dates for which South Carolina vital records are available, where they are located, and links to online South Carolina state vital records databases. South Carolina Vital Records:Office of Vital RecordsSC DHEC2600 Bull StreetColumbia, SC 29201Phone: (803) 898-3630What You Need to Know: Money order or a cashiers check should be made payable to SCDHEC. Please call or visit the website for current fees. Additional record copies ordered at the same time are $3.00 each. A photocopy of valid photo identification must accompany all South Carolina vital record requests. Phone and online orders are available through the VitalChek network.Web site: South Carolina Office of Vital Records South Carolina Birth Records Dates: From 1 January 1915* Cost of copy: $12.00; expedited mail service $17.00 (plus $9.50 service fee) Comments: Access to birth records in South Carolina is limited to the person named on the certificate, the parent(s) named on the birth certificate, or an adult child, guardian, or legal representative. Be sure to request a long copy for genealogical purposes. * City of Charleston births from 1877 are on file at Charleston County Health Department. Copies can be obtained by mail from the Charleston County Library. Ledger entries of Florence City births are on file at Florence County Health Department. Ledger entries of Newberry City births from the late 1800s are on file at the Newberry County Health Department. Online: South Carolina Delayed Births, 1766–1900 and City of Charleston Births, 1877–1901 (requires paid subscription  to Ancestry.com)South Carolina Births and Christenings, 1681–1935 (free from FamilySearch) South Carolina Death Records Dates: From 1 Jan 1915* Cost of copy: $12.00; expedited mail service $17.00 (plus $9.50 service fee) Comments: Access to death records in South Carolina restricted for 50 years, and limited to immediate family members and the decedents legal representative. Be sure to request a long copy for genealogical purposes. Death certificates become public records in South Carolina after fifty years and then any person may obtain the death long form certificate. * City of Charleston deaths from 1821 are on file at Charleston County Health Department. Ledger entries of Florence City deaths from 1895 to 1914 are on file at Florence County Health Department. Ledger entries of Newberry City deaths from the late 1800s are on file at the Newberry County Health Department. Online: South Carolina Deaths, 1915-1943 – Name index and images to South Carolina death certificates; free from FamilySearch.South Carolina Deaths, 1944-1955 – Name index to South Carolina death certificates; free from FamilySearch.  South Carolina Death Indexes, 1915–1962These are indexes only but include a few years of more recent deaths than the FamilySearch databases. Free from the S.C. vital records department.South Carolina Death Certificates, 1915–1963Select the camera icon to view and of the digitized microfilm rolls of S.C. death certificates available through 1963. Free from FamilySearch. South Carolina Marriage Records Dates: From 1 July 1911* Cost of Copy: $12.00; expedited mail service $17.00 Comments: Marriage records from 1950 to the present can be obtained through the State Division of Vital Records. Licenses issued before 1950 can be obtained from the Probate Judge at the County Courthouse in the county where the marriage took place. Access to marriage records in South Carolina is restricted to the married parties (bride or groom), their adult child(ren), a present or former spouse of either married party or their respective legal representative. * Some larger cities and counties have marriage records that pre-date 1911. Charleston marriage records 1877 to 1887 are available on Family History Library microfilm, and Georgetown returns of marriages 1884 to 1899 are available from the South Carolina Department of Archives and History. Online: Charleston County Probate Court – Marriage License Search – Search by grooms name, brides maiden name, or license number to find marriages from 1879 to the present. South Carolina Divorce Records Dates: From July 1962* Cost of Copy: $12.00; expedited mail service $17.00 Comments: Divorce records from 1962 to the present can be obtained through the State Division of Vital Records. Records since April 1949 should be available from the County Clerk of the county where the petition was filed. Access to divorce records in S.C. is restricted to the divorced parties (husband or wife), their adult child(ren), a present or former spouse of either divorced party or their respective legal representative. * A few earlier divorce records dating back to 1868 can be found in county court records.